Digital Electronics Important Questions

Bsc/Msc Physics 

 Part 1

Unit 1: Number System and Boolean Arithmetic

1. Convert the following numbers between different bases: (548)¹⁰, (101011101)², (8976)⁸, (4536)¹⁶ (Binary, Octal, Decimal, Hexadecimal)?
2. Explain the process of converting a decimal number to binary and a binary number to decimal?
3. Differentiate between signed and unsigned binary numbers with examples?
4. What is 1’s complement of 11010011010? How is it different from 2’s complement?
5. Perform the arithmetic operations (Addition and Subtraction) using 2’s complement method "110011-100111"? 
6. Explain Boolean arithmetic with basic operations and their significance?

Unit 2: Codes, Logic Gates, and Boolean Algebra

1. Explain the BCD, Gray, ASCII, and EBCDIC codes with examples?
2. How to convert Binary code to Gray code and Gray code to binary code?
3. Convert a binary number 1101011 to its equivalent BCD and Gray code representation?
4. Make a K-Map for four variables and explain (1) Pairs (2) Quads (3) Octets?
5. State and prove De Morgan’s theorems with truth tables?
6. Explain the working of basic logic gates (AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR, XNOR ) with truth tables?
7. Draw symbols, truth table , electric circuit diagrams and Boolean representations of AND, OR, NOT, NOR, NAND, XOR and XNOR gates?
8. Describe the importance of Karnaugh maps in Boolean algebra simplification?
9. Design an adder circuit using logic gates?
10. Explain the working of a subtractor circuit and its applications?
11. Make the circuit diagram of Half Adder and explain its working?
12. Make NAND, NOR, XOR and XNOR using basic gates?
13. Make the K–Map of logic equation (1). Y = ABC + BC̅D + A̅BC + ABD̅   (2). Y = ABC + BC̅D + A̅BD + ACD̅ + B̅CD ?
14. Construct a logic circuit for the Boolean expression (x+y+z).(x+y').(x'+y')?
15. Simplify the Boolean equation with the help of K-Map Y = ABC + BC̅D + A̅BC + ABD̅?

Unit 3: Combinational and Sequential Circuits

1. Design different types of multiplexer and explain its working?
2. Differentiate between a multiplexer and a demultiplexer with examples?
3. Explain the function of an encoder and a decoder with circuit diagrams?
4. Describe the role of a parity checker and generator in error detection?
5. Explain the working and truth table of the following flip-flops:
   a) R-S flip-flop
   b) D flip-flop
   c) J-K flip-flop
   d) J-K master-slave flip-flop
6. Make different flip-flops using different gates?
7. What is the race-around condition in flip-flops? How can it be eliminated?
8. Discuss the function of shift registers and their types (left and right shift registers)?

Unit 4: Counters and Shift Registers

1. Explain the working of asynchronous (ripple) counters with examples?
2. Differentiate between synchronous and asynchronous counters?
3. Describe the operation of MOD-5 and MOD-10 counters?
4. Explain the concept of a BCD counter and its applications?
5. What is an up-down counter? Explain its working with circuit diagrams?
6. Describe the working of a shift register counter and ring counter?

Unit 5: Digital to Analog and Analog to Digital Converters

1. Explain the binary-weighted register method for digital-to-analog conversion?
2. Describe the R–2R ladder network method and its advantages over the binary-weighted method?
3. Explain the complete DAC structure with a block diagram?
4. Describe the working principle of an analog-to-digital converter (ADC)?
5. Differentiate between staircase ADC and counter method ADC?
6. Explain the working of single-slope, equal-slope, and successive approximation ADC?

Part 2

Unit 1: OP-AMP Basics

1. Explain the working of a differential amplifier with a circuit diagram?
2. What is AC analysis of an operational amplifier? explain with circuit diagram?
3. Draw and explain the block diagram of an op-amp?
4. How does single input unbalanced output differ from dual input balanced output?
5. Describe the schematic symbol of an operational amplifier with inverting and non inverting inputs?
6. Draw and explain the waveform representation of an OP-AMP’s input and output signals?
7. How does an OP-AMP behave as a voltage follower? Explain with a circuit diagram?

Unit 2: OP-AMP Parameters

1. What is the difference between ideal op-amp and practical OP-AMP?
2. Describe the basic characteristics of an ideal OP-AMP and practical OP-AMP?
3. Describe the practical methods of measuring the important parameters of OP-AMP?
4. Define input offset voltage and input bias current in OP-AMP?
5. What is CMRR, and why is it important in OP-AMP?
6. Explain the significance of slew rate in OP-AMP performance?
7. What is gain-bandwidth product? How does it affect circuit design?
8. Compare inverting and non-inverting inputs of an OP-AMP?
9. Explain the concept of power consumption in an operational amplifier?
10. Draw and explain the input and output characteristic curves of an ideal and practical OP-AMP?
11. What are the different types of supply currents in an OP-AMP? Explain their significance?
12. Write detailed notes on (1) input offset current (2) SVRR (3) large signal voltage gain (4) gain bandwidth product (5) output resistance (6) supply current (7) Power consumption.
13. How to Calculate CMRR and SVRR of the random given circuit? Explain it?
14. A differential amplifier has CMRR=68 db and differential mode gain is 175 , find the value of output voltage when common mode signal is 1.5 MV?

Unit 3: Applications of OP-AMP

1. What is differential amplifier explain its types and working? Calculate the voltage gain of inverting and non inverting inputs?
2. Make the circuit diagram of differential amplifier in common and Differential mode?
3. Write the applications of OP-AMP?
4. Describe the working of an inverting and non-inverting amplifier with diagrams?
5. What is a summing amplifier? Write its output equation and draw its circuit diagram?
6. What are scaling and averaging amplifier? Write its output equation and draw its circuit diagram?
7. Explain the role of an integrator and differentiator in signal processing with circuit diagrams?
8. Explain use of OP-AMP as an Integrator and differentiator?
9. Draw and explain the circuit diagram of a phase shift oscillator?
10. What is a square wave generator? How is it designed using an OP-AMP?
11. Explain the concept of frequency stability in oscillators with diagrams?
12. Draw and explain the circuit of a Wein-bridge oscillator?
13. What is an L-C tunable oscillator? How does it work?
14. Explain the working of an averaging amplifier using an OP-AMP?
15. Draw and explain the frequency response of an operational amplifier in amplifier circuits?
16. What is an Oscillator? Explain its working, types and derive the formula of frequency?

Unit 4: Microprocessors and Microcomputers

1. Write different types of instruction in 8086 microprocessor?
2. What is arithmetic insertion?
3. Explain the clock generator of 8284 A microprocessor?
4. Explain the architecture of the Intel 8086 microprocessor with a neat diagram?
5. Explain and Differentiate between minimum mode and maximum mode operation in 8086?
6. Explain pin outs and pin function?
7. What are the different memory addressing modes in microprocessors?
8. Describe the function of the 8284A clock generator in the 8086 microprocessor?
9. What is bus buffering and latching in microprocessors?
10. Draw and explain the pin diagram of the 8086 microprocessor?
11. Explain the bus timing diagrams for read and write operations in 8086?
12. What are the different types of memory addressing in 8086? Explain with diagrams?
13. Compare the hardware specifications of 8086 and 8088 microprocessors?
14. How does the ready and wait state mechanism work in the 8086 microprocessor?
15. Explain it (1) Read and wait state (2) Arithmetic and logic instructions (3) MOV, LOCK  and CALL 
16. Explain data movement instructions?

Unit 5: Programming the Microprocessor

1. What are data addressing modes in microprocessor programming? Explain with examples?
2. Describe mode of memory addressing of 8086 processor?
3. Explain stack memory-addressing modes with an example?
4. List different categories of instruction sets in the 8086 microprocessor?
5. Write an assembly language program for basic arithmetic operations?
6. How is table searching and sorting performed using pseudo-operations?
7. Draw the flowchart for a simple assembly language program execution in 8086?
8. Explain the process of data movement instructions in 8086 with examples?
9. What are program control instructions in microprocessor programming? Give examples?
10. Write an assembly language program to search an element in an array?
11. How does stack-based function calling work in 8086? Explain with diagrams?